Smoke density measurement pdf

Advanced Ic engines unit 3. Related Books Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd. Dry: A Memoir Augusten Burroughs. Related Audiobooks Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd. Measurement of Smoke Density using Bosch type smoke meter 1. By: Rohtash Kumar 2. Introduction: Controlling motor vehicle emissions is important for improving air quality on urban, regional and national scales.

Especially in Diesel engines, smoke is one of visible emissions. Exhaust emissions from diesel engines are usually more visible than those emitted from petrol engines because they contain over ten times more soot particles. In general diesel engines produce less carbon monoxide than petrol engines but more oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulphur although very little with modern low sulphur fuels , aldehydes and particulate matter. It is visible products of combustion due to poor combustion.

Long before visible smoke is obvious to the eye, the human nose senses the very small particles wafting in the air. It is only later when the toast begins to brown or blacken that the particles grow large enough to be seen as smoke.

Conceptually , the smoke density terms represents the exponential light loss sensitive per unit length of the smoke column. This can be done by having the light out there or by having the light next to the measuring head and a retro-reflector one that returns a beam along its own path out there.

Why Smoke is there? Main reasons for smoke in engine emissions:- a Incomplete combustion: -Incorrect fuel-air ratio and Improper mixing.

This means either too much fuel is being added to the mix or there's not enough oxygen being supplied to burn the fuel. The black smoke is full of particulates that are basically large diesel particles that normally would be burned as fuel. Most common causes of black smoke are faulty injectors, a faulty injector pump, a bad air filter causing not enough oxygen to be supplied , a bad EGR valve causing the valves to clog or even a bad turbocharger.

Some of these are easy fixes. The common causes that produce white smoke range from something as simple as low engine compression or water in the fuel to the fuel pump timing being thrown off because something is starving the fuel from getting to the pump in the manner necessary for the pump to time and work correctly.

This is a mechanical problem because engine oil isn't supposed to be getting into areas where it can be burned. There could be a faulty injector pump or lift pump, which would allow oil to mix with fuel and be burned.

The valves or valve stem seals could be bad. Worn cylinders and piston rings can help with this problem allows oil to seep where it shouldn't. Nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides and aldehydes are all respiratory irritants and are present in DEEEs.

It is probable that they all contribute to the overall problem and the ultrafine soot particles may also be a contributory factor. In the long term there is some evidence to indicate that sustained exposure to DEEEs may slightly increase the risk of lung cancer.

How to measure Smoke Density? A variety of smok e number scales have been developed to relate different instrument measurements t o the assumed amount of soot being measured. An underlying assumption for suc h reporting is that soot is the majority or at least most important constituent of th e smoke to be measured. It represents a ratio of exhaust opacity to the amount of fuel burned at the time of measurement.

SF is measured in the UV using frequenci es providing the greatest sensitivity to the particulate mass fraction. Comparison Method- Ringlemann Chart is used in this process.

The chart shows four shades of gray as well as pure white and an all-black section. In use, the chart is set up at eye level line with the stack at such distance that the sections appear to be different degrees of uniform gray shades.

Ringlemann number ranging from 0 no smoke to No. Obscuration Method: Divided into 3 types. Hartridge smoke meter. Van Brand Smoke meter. Bosch Smoke meter. What is Smoke Meter? A wide variety of approaches to such instruments exists. Others measure opacity through a sampled fraction of the column. This is simple and relatively inexpensive piece of equipment for monitoring tailpipe particulate emissions.

Construction Cont. No basis is provided for predicting the density of smoke that may be generated by the materials upon exposure to heat and flame under other actual exposure conditions, nor is any correlation established with measurements derived from other test methods.

This test procedure excludes the effect of irritants on the eye. It is emphasized that smoke production from a material varies according to the irradiance level to which the specimen is exposed. The smoke evolved is collected in the chamber, which also contains photometric equipment. The attenuation of a light beam passing through the smoke is measured.

The results are reported in terms of specific optical density. Unless otherwise agreed, measure the percentage light transmission of four sets of three specimens for each material in accordance with the following schedule:.